COMMENTS:This morpheme is also present in the higher numerals (EB) hogeitamar '30' (*hogei eta hamar̄ '20+10'), berrogei '40', hirurogei '60', and laurogei '80' (a vigesimal system). Such systems are also characteristic of North Caucasian and Burushaski.
COMMENTS:The phonetic development is not very transparent, perhaps PSC *ʡĭnɢwV́ > pre-Bsq *hoiŋ(V), with /ŋ/ regularly changed to /n/ in final position.
COMMENTS:Azkue cites oltza 'stack of planks' as common Bsq. As noted by Michelena (1961, chapter 14) the phonemic contrast between Proto-Bsq *ls and *lc is neutralized, but differently in different dialects. German Holz is a chance resemblance.
COMMENTS:The most archaic PSC form seems to be *=kUn- (> PAvar-Andian *kʷVnV-, Bsq *hon, Urart. gunǝ), with a common metathesis to *=ĭnkwV in most EC langs. Derivation from Lat. bonum is implausible.
MEANING:1 empty 2 pure 3 error, fault, defect 4 lack, want 5 vain, idle 6 barren, sterile (tree)
BZK:uts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
GIP:uts 1, 2, 3
ANV:uts 1, 2, 3, 5
BNV:huts 1, 2, 3
LAB:huts 1, 2, 3
ZBR:hüts, hütx 1, 2, 3
RNC:uts 1, 2, 3, 6
COMMENTS:Cf. Bsq *ɦućal - the words may be partially blended. Cf. also Bsq *haś.
PROTO:*hume
MEANING:1 young (of animals) 2 infant, child (human) 3 womb
BZK:ume 1, 2, (Bermeo, Mundaka) ime 1, 2
GIP:ume 1, 2
ANV:ume 1, 2
BNV:hume 1, umuntzi 3
LAB:hume 1
BZT:ume 1, 2, umoi 3
ZBR:hǘme 1, 2, hümoi 3, himuntzi 3
RNC:ume 1
COMMENTS:"Used in northern dialects exclusively for animals" (Aulestia & White), though Larrasquet cites ZBR hǘme 'parfois enfant (garçon ou fille)' as a secondary meaning. Cf. perhaps Burushaski (H,N) =ɣúmar 'internal organs' (belly, bowels), (Y) =ɣómar-ći 'in the stomach, inside'. The Bsq words for 'womb' cited have *onci 'vessel' (q.v.) or *ohe 'bed' as second element.
COMMENTS:Cf. PEC *fimḳwV 'fist'. The match of eastern Bsq /nk/ ~ western /k/ is unusual. Trask thought it had to be due to sporadic insertion of the nasal in the East, but other explanations are possible. PSC *m in non-initial positions is unstable in Bsq and usually disappears in clusters. We have tentatively reconstructed Bsq *hu[m]ki-, though so far we know of no other cases of Bsq *-mk-.
COMMENTS:The Bsq word represents a metathesis of the type PSC *ɦ(w)ɨ̄nć̣ĭ, versus PNC *ɦnɨ̄ć̣(w)ĭ ~ *ɦć̣(w)ɨ̄nĭ. Whether the original Bsq vowel was *u or *o is unclear (see Michelena 1961: 57). *u would be more consistent with PNC *ɨ̄.
COMMENTS:This etymon competes with, and partially merges with *mune (q.v.), of distinct origin. Per Mitxelena (1961) and Trask (1995) Bsq *mune and *hune are "regional variants" of the same word, and suggest Schuchardt's derivation from Lat. fune- 'rope'. Since both words can coexist in the same dialect (e.g., BZK un 'marrow, pith' vs. muin 'germ, sprout'; SAL un-ak 'brains' vs. muña 'marrow, pith') we think the words are of distinct origin (PSC*hwĭʔnV, *mV̆́ɦnū, resp.), but there has been phonetic and semantic blending.
